The Nitrogen Cycle : Assemble Fish Keepers | Aquarium Essentials

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Ammonia Production: Fish waste, uneaten food, and decaying plants release ammonia (NH3) into the aquarium water.

Ammonia Oxidation: Beneficial bacteria called Nitrosomonas Bacteria convert ammonia into nitrite (NO2-) through a process called ammonia oxidation.

Nitrite Production: Nitrite is still harmful to fish but less toxic than ammonia. It can stress fish and reduce their ability to transport oxygen.

Nitrite Oxidation: Nitrite is further processed by another group of beneficial bacteria called Nitrobacter Bacteria into nitrate (NO3-).

Nitrate Accumulation: Nitrate is much less toxic than ammonia and nitrite. It can accumulate in the aquarium but is generally not harmful to fish unless it reaches very high levels.

Regular water changes are needed to remove nitrate and maintain good water quality for your aquarium inhabitants.