DEEP DIVE: The Phosphorus Cycle In Freshwater Aquariums & Ecosystems. Phosphates, Plants & Algae!

Phosphorus comes in many organic and inorganic forms and is absorbed by plants in the form of phosphate (PO43-), or, more exactly speaking, of the dihydrogenous phosphate ion (H2PO4-) and the hydrogenous phosphate ion (HPO42-).

Phosphorus plays a decisive role in the metabolism of all living things - it regulates the intracellular energy balance (energy carrier adenosintriphosphate, ATP) and biological cellular processes by phosphorylating proteins, and it is a part of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and the cellular membrane (phospholipids).

In the aquarium, phosphate is released by degrading waste, food and plant rests. In tanks with vigorous plant growth and a low number of fish that are sparingly fed, these phosphate sources are often insufficient, and inorganic phosphate has to be added (salts like monopotassiumphosphate, KH2PO4).

Phosphate plays a key role in many terrestrial and aquatic biotopes in nature, as it is often the minimum in relation to other macronutrients. Thus the amount of phosphate available is decisive for how much biomass is produced..

About 10–15% of the biologically
available phosphorus is taken up by the biota with the rest being sequestered in the sediment or in the litter or detrital material.The ability of wetland to store phosphorus is largely dependent on the amount of aluminum and iron that is present with a high absorptive capacity for phosphorus when in high concentrations.

This involves the release of phosphorus from sediment particles to the interstitial water and then to the overlying water column. This process is mediated by iron reducing bacteria that convert ferric (oxidized) iron to ferric (reduced) iron that releases the phosphorus.
Additionally, sulfate- reducing bacteria that reduce sulfur to sulfide which reacts with iron minerals can release the phosphorus.

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